You know, the world's
climate scientists tell us that...
...the highest safe level
of emissions would be...
...around 350 parts per million
of carbon dioxide...
...and greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere. We're already at 400.
They tell us that the sort of safest
we could hope to do...
...without having perilous implications...
...as far as drought, famine,
human conflict, major species extinction...
...would be about a 2-degree Celsius
increase in temperature.
We're rapidly approaching that,
and with all the built-in carbon dioxide...
...that's already in the atmosphere,
we're easily going to exceed that.
So on our watch, we are facing...
...the next major extinction of species
on the earth...
...that we haven't seen since the time
of the dinosaurs disappearing.
When whole countries go underwater
because of sea-level rise...
...when whole countries find
that there's so much drought...
...that they can't feed their population...
...and as a result,
they need to desperately...
...migrate to another country
or invade another country...
I mean, we're gonna have
climate wars in the future.
And what about...?
What about livestock
and animal agriculture?
Well, what about it? I mean-
My names Kip.
This is me.
I had a clich U.S.American childhood.
My mom was a teacher.
My dad was in the military.
And I have one sister.
I played all sports growing up...
...but I always loved
the outdoors and camping.
Life was simple,
not a care in the world.
And then this guy showed up.
Like so many of us...
...I saw his film An Inconvenient Truth
about the impacts of global warming.
It scared the Emojis out of me.
In Al Gore's film,
he describes how Earth is in peril.
Climate change stands to affect
all life on this planet.
From monster storms, raging wildfires...
...record droughts, ice caps melting...
...acidification of the oceans,
to entire countries going underwater...
...that could all be caused
by humans' demands on the Earth.
With scientists warning
unless we take drastic measures...
...to correct our environmental footprint,
our time on this planet maybe limited...
...to only 50 more years,
I wanted to do everything I could to help.
I made up my mind
right then and there...
...to change how I lived
and to do whatever I possibly could...
...to find away for all of us
to live together...
...in balance with the planet,
sustainably, forever.
I started to do all the things
Al told us to do.
I became an OCE,
obsessive-compulsive environmentalist.
I separated the trash and recycling,
I composted...
...changed the light bulbs,
took short showers...
...brushed with the water off,
turned off lights when leaving...
...and rode my bike
instead of driving everywhere.
But as the years went by,
it seemed as if things were getting worse.
I had to wonder, with all the continuing
ecological crisis facing the planet...
...even if every single one of us adopted
these conservation habits...
...was this really gonna be enough
to save the world?
It just seemed that there was
something more to the story.
I thought I was doing everything I could
to help the planet.
But then with one's friend's post
everything changed.
The post sent me to a report online
published by the United Nations...
...stating that cows
produce more greenhouse gases...
...than the entire transportation sector.
This means that raising cattle
produces more greenhouse gases...
...than all cars, trucks, trains, boats,
planes combined.
Thirteen percent compared
to 18 percent for livestock.
This is because cows produce
a substantial amount...
...of methane from their digestive process.
Methane gas from livestock
is 25to 100 times...
...more destructive
than carbon dioxide from vehicles.
Here I'd been riding my bike everywhere
to help reduce emissions.
But it turns out there's more
to climate change than just fossil fuels.
I did more research. The U.N.
along with other agencies reported...
...not only did livestock play
a major role in global warming...
...it is also the leading cause
of resource consumption...
...and environmental degradation
destroying the planet today.
How is it possible
I wasn't aware of this?
I thought this information would be
in the environmental community.
I went to the nation's largest
environmental organizations' websites...
350.org, Greenpeace, Sierra Club...
...Climate Reality, Rainforest Action
Network, Amazon Watch...
...and was shocked to see they had
virtually nothing on animal agriculture.
What was going on?
Why would they not have
this information on there?
It seemed the main focus for many groups
was natural gas and oil production...
...with fracking being the latest hot issue,
due to water usage and contamination.
...with fracking being the latest hot issue,
due to water usage and contamination.
Hydraulic fracturing for natural gas uses
an incredible amount of water.
A staggering 100 billion gallons of water
is used every year in the United States.
But when I compared this
with animal agriculture...
...raising livestock just in the U.S.
consumes 34 trillion gallons of water.
And it turns out the methane emissions
from both industries are nearly equal.
Living in California, a state plagued
by drought and water shortages...
...water use is a major concern
for many of us.
The average Californian uses
about 1500 gallons per person per day.
About half of that is related to the
consumption of meat and dairy products.
So meat and dairy products
are incredibly water-intensive...
...in part because the animals are using
very water-intensive grains.
That's what they eat, and so...
...all of the water embedded in the grain
and that the animal eats...
...essentially is considered part...
...of the virtual water footprint
of that product.
I found out that one quarter-pound
hamburger requires...
...over 660 gallons of water to produce.
Here I've been taking
these short showers to save water...
...and to find out just eating
one hamburger is the equivalent...
...of showering two entire months.
So much attention is given
to lowering home water use.
Yet domestic water use is 5 percent
of what is consumed in the U.S...
...versus 55 percent
for animal agriculture.
That's because it takes upwards
of 2500 gallons of water...
...to produce 1 pound of beef.
I went on the government's
Department of Water Resources...
...Save Our Water campaign. It outlines
behavior changes to conserve water.
Like using low-flow shower heads,
efficient toilets...
...water-saving appliances,
and fix leaky faucets and sprinkler heads.
But nothing about animal agriculture.
When I added up all
the government's recommendations...
...I was saving 47 gallons a day.
But still that's not even close
to the 660 gallons...
...of water for just one burger.
I wanted to see if I could talk
with the government about this.
Just calling to see
if we could schedule an interview.
Yeah, that would be good.
What does your schedule look like
this afternoon or tomorrow afternoon?
- Tomorrow afternoon.
- Tomorrow afternoon could be good.
For the urban environment, a lot of
things can be done. Indoors, you know...
...using low-flow shower heads,
low-flow faucets...
...efficient toilets...
...efficient water-using appliances.
All of those are really good areas
that can help quite a lot.
But the biggest water savings
is from outdoors.
We have to be mindful of the way
we use water.
We have to use it efficiently,
protect its quality...
...and be good stewards
of the environment that depend on water.
And checking the sprinklers.
A lot of times you get a lot of leaks...
...and broken sprinklers
and things like that that waste water.
Those are the areas that there is
a lot of room for conservation.
It kept on coming up a lot,
was animal agriculture.
Can you comment on that at all,
about how much that plays a role...
...in water consumption and pollution?
That's-I mean, that's not my area.
There's one study that found
that 1 pound of beef...
...2500 gallons of water.
- Yeah.
- Yeah.
Eggs are 477 gallons of water.
And cheese, almost 900 gallons.
I mean, why isn't it on Save Our Water?
It's kind of like if you went
to someone's house...
...and my neighbour has a faucet,
you know, dripping.
And then you see
this giant hose turned full-blast...
...until 660 gallons of water
are shooting out into the street...
...flooding the entire street.
I think I would say,
"Hey, you know, turn that off, please."
Seems like it's a huge thing
that we could be doing...
...by far more than anything else.
Just, like, if that is really the case.
I think that the water footprint...
...of animal husbandry is greater
than other activities.
There's no ifs, ands or buts about it.
That would be really powerful.
Rather than waiting till we're in a drought,
what do you think about starting now?
And say to whoever's in charge
of Save Our Water:
"Hey, let's start encouraging people
to eat less meat now...
...because these studies
are coming out"?
- I don't think that'll happen.
- Why?
- I don't think that'll happen.
- Why?
Because of the way government
is set up here.
That's interesting, though.
Why, though?
One is water management
and the other is behavior change.
Behavior of taking showers...
...and not watering your lawn
and doing all that, that's behavior.
Yeah.
Clearly the government did not want
to talk about this issue.
Their inability to answer...
...along with the organization's silence
on the topic of animal agriculture...
...made it seem
something more was going on.
I did more investigating
on the impacts of livestock...
I did more investigating
on the impacts of livestock...
...and found out the situation
was actually worse than I'd thought.
In 2009, two advisors
from the World Bank released...
...an analysis on human-induced
greenhouse gases...
...finding that animal agriculture
was responsible not for 18 percent...
...as the U.N. stated, but was actually
51 percent of all greenhouse gases.
Fifty-one percent.
Yet all we hear about
is burning fossil fuels.
This devastating figure is due
to clear-cutting rainforests for grazing...
...respiration, and all the waste
animals produced.
This makes animal agriculture
the number one contributor...
...to human-caused climate change.
But not only that, I found out
raising animals for food consumes...
...a third of all the
planet's freshwater...
...occupies up to 45 percent
of the Earth's land...
...is responsible for up to 91 percent
of Amazon destruction...
...is a leading cause
of species extinction...
...ocean "dead zones"...
...and habitat destruction.
Yet the world's largest
environmental groups...
...that are supposed to be saving
our world didn't mention this anywhere.
I had to speak with them to find out why
they weren't addressing this issue.
I sent off dozens of e-mails,
made call after call...
...spent hours on hold.
Days became weeks,
weeks became months...
...and for some reason,
no one wanted to talk to me about this.
So bizarre.
I supported these organizations
for so long and now was met with silence.
I was, however, able to connect
with a handful of environmental authors...
...and advocates that were willing
to address this issue.
I took my old, trusty van "Super Blue"
out of retirement and hit the road.
So my calculations are...
...that without using any gas or oil or
fuel ever again from this day forward...
...that we would still exceed
our maximum carbon-equivalent...
...greenhouse gas emissions,
the 565 gigatons, by the year 2030...
...without the electricity sector
or energy sector even factored...
...in the equation,
all simply by raising and eating livestock.
You reduce methane emissions,
the level in the atmosphere goes down...
...fairly quickly, within decades,
as opposed to CO2...
...if you reduce the emissions
to the atmosphere...
...you don't see a signal
in the atmosphere for 100 years or so.
The single largest contributor to every
environmental ill known to humankind...
Cutting down the forest
to graze animals...
...and to grow soybeans,
genetically-engineered soybeans...
...to feed to the cows and pigs
and chickens and factory-farmed fish.
Ninety-one percent of the loss of rainforest
in the Amazon area thus far to date...
...91 percent that's been destroyed
is due to raising livestock.
The lead cause of environmental
destruction is animal agriculture.
I just couldn't understand why the world's
largest environmental organizations...
...weren't addressing this when their entire
mission is to protect the environment.
That's the thing, too, is they say:
"Use less coal, ride your bike."
What about "eat less meat"?
I think they focus-grouped it
and it's a political loser.
Yeah, because they're membership
organizations, you know, a lot of them.
They're looking to maximize the number
of people making contributions.
And if they get identified
as being anti-meat...
...or challenging people
on their everyday habits...
...something that's so dear to people,
that it will hurt with their fundraising.
They do not want to address
the primary driving cause...
...of environmental devastation,
which is animal agriculture...
...because they're businesses.
And they want to make sure that
they have a reliable source of funding.
I was invited to a meeting with Al Gore
some years ago...
...made these methane arguments, and
he pushed back. That's just his argument.
"It's hard enough to get people
to think about CO2. Don't confuse them."
The problem with a lot of organizations
that are focused and have a laser focus...
...don't go off message
because they don't wanna piss off...
...another whole group of people
that will make their lives difficult.
Major environmental organizations
don't tell you to do much...
...besides live your life
the way you've been living it...
...but change a light bulb
from time to time...
...drive less, use less plastic,
recycle more.
It's better for their fundraising
and better for their profile...
...to create a victim-and-perpetrator
sort of plotline.
It's like when we talk about the fact that
we have a dysfunctional family...
...and the father's an alcoholic,
that's the one thing no one talks about.
Everybody goes around that,
and yet it's the one thing...
...that's causing the devastation
in the relationships in the family...
...because no one wants to talk about it.
How could these organizations
not know?
The issue is right in front of them.
It's unmistakable at this point.
And just like these organizations,
they're falling over themselves...
...to show the general public
that climate change is human-caused.
And in doing so, they completely fail
to see what's right in front of them...
...that animal agriculture,
raising and killing animals for food...
...is really what's killing the planet.
That was it. No more e-mails,
no more phone calls. I had enough.
I realized if I wanted answers,
I'd have to go...
...to these organizations'
headquarters in person.
- Hi, how's it going?
- Good.
We're doing a full-length
feature documentary...
...and it's on sustainability
and how animal agriculture plays a role.
And we're seeing if we could
talk to David Barre.
- Barre? Okay.
- Yeah.
- Do you have an appointment with him?
- We've been trying for almost two months.
We haven't even had
one receptive e-mail or anything.
- Seeing if we could just set something up.
- Sure, let me... So let me just...
They sent out their PR person instead.
She refused to be filmed and told us
to turn off the camera...
...but promised someone
from their Rainforest, Ocean...
...and Climate Change Departments
would all speak with us, finally.
Next stop was to give
Sierra Club a visit.
They were a bit more receptive
to me showing up at their doorstep.
Hey, how's it going?
With the climate change,
what's the leading cause of that?
Well, it's basically burning
too many fossil fuels.
You know, so coal, natural gas, oil.
Tarsands, oil shale.
All these new exotic fuels
that are kind of hybrids between them.
But that's basically what
is loading up the atmosphere...
...so we have this greenhouse effect
where the heat is getting trapped...
...and the temperatures are soaring...
...at a rate that has never existed
in the history of the Earth.
And what about...?
What about livestock
and animal agriculture?
Well, what about it? I mean...
...but I'm afraid we're not going
to be able to help this time.
Thanks again,
and we wish you the best of luck."
Greenpeace's response reminded me
of the statistic...
Greenpeace's response reminded me
of the statistic...
...that 116,000 pounds
of farm animal excrement...
...is produced every second
in the United States alone.
That is enough waste per year to cover
every square foot of San Francisco...
...New York City, Tokyo, Paris...
...New Delhi, Berlin,
Hong Kong, London...
...Rio De Janeiro, Delaware, Bali,
Costa Rica, and Denmark combined.
Livestock operations on land
has caused, or created...
...more than 500
nitrogen-flooded dead zones...
...around the world in our oceans.
Comprise more than 95,000 square miles
of areas completely devoid of life.
So any meaningful discussion
about the state of our oceans...
...has to always begin
by frank discussions...
...about land-based animal agriculture...
...which is not what
our conservation groups-
Oceana being the largest one in the
world right now, the most influential.
As well as others. That's not what is
at the apex of their discussions.
I went on my favorite ocean-protection
organization's website...
...Surf rider Foundation,
to see what they're doing about this.
Mostly what I found were campaigns
about plastic bags and trash...
...but nothing about animal agriculture.
What is the number one coastal water
quality-issue polluter?
Like-? Yeah, I mean, a lot of it-
It's actually-
We call it, like, the "toxic cocktail."
Because it really is
this sort of diffuse source.
So it's, you know, heavy metal from tires
and brakes and cars, heavy metals.
It is these herbicides and pesticides.
It's really just kind of picking up
everything we leave on the ground...
...and collecting it together
and pushing it out into the ocean.
So it's hard to actually target,
like, one thing.
When we're doing our research
on this particular one, and run off...
...just kind of increasingly as we're
interviewing more and more people...
...it keeps coming up,
animal agriculture, as being...
And we read animal agriculture
as being the number one water polluter...
...considerably by more than any other...
Yeah, that's interesting.I guess it depends
on the regions that you focus on.
Like the urban areas, like where we are
here in Southern California...
...we don't see that, because there's
not a lot of agricultural farms...
...but if you look in the mid-Atlantic...
...Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina, that region...
...I know there's a lot of poultry farms
and a lot of hog farms...
...and it's a huge waste issue.
I was surprised that not only did
they not focus on farm run off...
...but they also didn't mention
any campaigns...
...about how our oceans
are in near-collapse.
The U.N. reported that three-quarters
of the world's fisheries...
...are overexploited, fully exploited,
or significantly depleted...
...due to overfishing.
Oceans are under siege like never before.
Marine environments are in trouble.
If we don't wake up
and do something about it...
...we'll see fishless oceans
bytheyear2048.
That's the prediction from scientists.
When people look at fishing,
some times they only look at the animals...
...who are actually consumed by humans,
so we don't necessarily look...
...at all the animals
who are caught in the drift nets...
...all the other animals who are killed
in the industry. And when you look at...
Even the shrimping industry has done
a lot to devastate the planet as well...
...in terms of breaking down
natural barriers...
...that we have to protect them,
the islands.
We're at over28 billion animals
were pulled out of the ocean last year.
They're never given a chance to recover.
They don't multiply quickly.
They don't come back.
We're not giving them an opportunity.
The oceans are in complete collapse.
The large fish species
are nearing extinction.
The way fishing is done today,
to feed the demand...
...for90 million tons offish,
is primarily through massive fish nets.
For every single pound offish caught,
there is up to 5 pounds...
...of untargeted species trapped.
Such as dolphins, whales, sea turtles
and sharks, known as bi-kill.
If we're to imagine
this same practice happening...
...on the African savannah,
targeting gazelle...
...but in the process scooping up
every single lion...
...giraffe, ostrich and elephant...
...nobody would stand for it.
Yet this is what is happening
in our oceans every single day.
Between 40 and 50 million sharks
each year are killed...
...in fishing lines
and fishing nets as bi-kill.
Then their fins might be cut off,
or not cut off...
...but they're caught initially as bi-kill,
and it's from fishing.
It's from fishing in a sustainable manner,
in many cases...
...for fish that are labeled "sustainable"
by, for instance, Oceana...
...and the sustainable-certified
organizations.
So my thought is, why would we want
to stop at banning shark-fin soup...
...if you're concerned about sharks?
Which all these organizations are,
and most of the public at large is now.
If we really are concerned about sharks,
we would ban fishing.
I went on the world's largest
ocean-conservation group's website...
...Oceana, to see what they're
doing about this.
On their site, along with a TED Talk
by CEO Andy Sharpless...
...I was astounded to read
they actually recommend...
...that one of the best ways to help fish
is to eat fish.
With the world's fish population
in near-collapse...
...this seems like saying the best way
to help endangered pandas...
...is to eat pandas.
I couldn't understand
how Oceana could say...
...we could remove close to
100 million tons offish per year...
...and that could somehow be sustainable
and good for our oceans.
Many of the species that are
nearing extinction have done so...
...been ravaged and become
nearly extinct, in a declining fashion...
...and haven't recovered
on the watch of Oceana...
...and on the watch
of Marine Stewardship Council...
...and very much on the watch of Monterey
Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch.
I mention in a lecture, they're aptly named,
because that's what they're doing.
They're sort of watching this happen
instead of aggressively halting it.
According to the United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization...
...roughly three-quarters of all fisheries
are either fully exploited or over exploited.
So there's really not a whole lot
offish stocks out there...
...that you might consider at
healthy levels for the ecosystem.
Watching Andy's TED Talk
about feeding the world...
...in 1988, fish catch, as you mention,
peaked at 85 million tons.
How is it possible that we can sustainably
catch 100 million tons by 2050...
...regardless if it's in a farm
or if it's in the ocean?
If for every pound offish
you're taking out...
...you're essentially taking out
5 pounds of wild fish...
...no matter whether it's a pond
or it's in the ocean...
...how can that be sustainable?
The ultimate question, right...
...is that there is a tremendous amount
of natural production...
...that is, you know, basically
coming out of the oceans all the time.
So we have major-A massive amount of
upwelling from our ocean conveyer belt...
...that's bringing up ancient,
thousand-year-old nutrients...
...and our ecosystems
a returning that into fish.
Yes, they're eating each other
and you're losing...
...some of that production
every step up in the food chain...
...but you get more every year.
You can fish and take some out,
and next year there will be more.
And if we do that right, without ultimately
hitting the fundamental driver...
...it's sort of like living off
the interest, right?
As long as you don't
bring your principal down, right...
...if you invest in something, as long as
you don't hit into that principal...
...your principal remains high, you could
potentially live off the interest forever.
That's the basic idea with fish.
With our population right now,
what we're doing...
...if it's 75-percent depleted,
the fish is now depleted...
And, you know, it's a good
analogy with money.
We're not living off our interest,
we're in extreme debt.
And if our population,
who's trying to live as a family...
...on the same amount of money,
and it's increasing 35 percent...
- ...to 9 billion people...
- Right.
...Isn't it just,
"Hey, we gotta stop spending money"?
- Yeah.
- "Stop eating fish."
Well, if you could bring
the principal back.
Fishing of any type is depleting
not only the species...
...but you get into this serial depletion
where one fish species will be minimized...
...and the fishing industry for that fishery
will move onto the next species.
It's called serial depletion.
It's aptly named.
In the process, the fish are being lost.
Not only the species is being lost,
but the next in line is being lost.
And then the mechanism
is still extremely destructive.
So they're losing the fish species,
but it needs to be kept in mind...
...they're also destroying habitat.
They came up with this term
"sustainable fishing"...
...to make us feel good
about eating fish...
...and continuing to take fish
out of the oceans...
...when, in fact,
it's Sea Shepherd's position...
...that there is no such thing
as sustainable fishing.
Fishing is not a sustainable protein source
for the feeding of the planet.
For the people on the planet,
it's just not.
People don't wanna hear it. That makes
them feel like they have to take action...
...stop doing something,
and a lot of people don't want to.
They don't put it out there, because it's
uncomfortable to tell people what to do.
But we're at a point
where we all have to be cognizant.
And we have to realize
and take an action.
Our founder,
Captain Watson, likes to say:
"If the oceans die, we die."
That's not a tagline. That's the truth.
Perhaps the only other ecosystem
that is being destroyed...
...at such a rapid rate
are the world's rainforests.
Our global rainforests are
essentially the planet's lungs.
They breathe in CO2
and exhale oxygen.
An acre of rain forest is cleared
every second.
And the leading cause is to graze animals
and grow their feed crops.
That is essentially an entire football field
cleared every single second.
And it is estimated that every day...
...close to 100 plant, animal,
and insect species are lost...
...due to rainforest destruction.
What is the absolute leading cause
of rain forest destruction?
Human intervention into rainforests
is the leading cause.
And so it's either for logging
or it's for agribusiness.
That's when you're looking at
the top global drivers...
...it will vary a bit by the rainforest
that you're talking about...
...but the way that we're choosing
to use these natural resources...
...on a large industrial scale
is the leading driver.
When I went on R.A.N.'s website...
...I couldn't believe
I didn't see anything about cattle.
But I did see they had a large
campaign against palm oil.
Palm oil plantations cause tremendous
deforestation in the Indonesian rainforest.
It is estimated that palm oil is responsible
for26 million acres being cleared...
...though compared to livestock
and their feed crops...
...they were responsible for136 million
acres of rainforest lost to date.
But on their website, I was shocked
to find cattle was not included...
...as one of their four main key issues.
Instead they focused on palm,
pulp and paper, coal, and tar sands?
How could they not have the leading
cause of rain forest destruction?
I had to wonder, why focus
on fossil fuels and not cattle?
Ls it more fossil fuels,
or is it more animal agriculture?
I don't know why we would do
a one-or-the-other.
I'm just wondering, what more is it?
I don't necessarily know what it is.
Could the executive director of one
of the world's largest...
...rainforest protection groups
honestly not know what was going on?
Or even worse, were they hiding it
on purpose? And if so, why?
I went to Amazon Watch
to see if they would say...
...what the leading cause
of rain forest destruction truly is.
The most biologically and culturally
diverse place on the planet...
...is under massive attack right now.
The Amazon rainforest itself could be
gone in the matter of the next 10years.
What is the leading cause
of rain forest destruction?
The leading cause
of rain forest destruction...
...I would say...
Well, just to put it in the context
of what Amazon Watch works on...
...there's many, many drivers
of deforestation, as we call them...
...many different reasons and ways
that rainforests are destroyed.
The main-The ones that cause
the most damage...
...and are the most wide spread
are mega projects...
...such as oil and gas pipelines,
such as mining projects...
...such as mega dam projects.
We're not talking about...
I felt like I was going in circles
with these groups.
As if I were stuck in some strange
"cowspiracy" twilight zone...
...where no one could talk about cows.
I couldn't believe
these organizations just wouldn't say...
...what the leading cause
of rain forest destruction truly is.
I had to ask one more time.
It's hard to say what is the leading cause
of deforestation of the Amazon...
...because they're all destructive,
oil and gas, mining, dams, agriculture.
But in terms of land use,
in terms of the amount of land...
...that is destroyed by...
When we talk about in comparison, all
those different causes of deforestation...
...what is causing the most trees
to fall, for example...
...I think it would definitely
be agriculture.
Unfortunately one of the biggest
causes of deforestation...
...definitely in the Brazilian Amazon,
is agribusiness.
Cattle grazing
and soy production, in particular.
This is really what's going on.
Why do you think that's...?
Like, no one at Greenpeace,
or no one's really saying the whole story.
The whole story about
the main cause of deforestation?
Yeah.
You've brought up
some really good points about...
...why isn't anybody
doing anything about this?
And I think in Brazil, in particular,
when we look at, you know...
...what happened
after the Forest Code was passed...
...and people who were standing up
against the lobbyists and the interests...
...the special interests, the cattle
industry, the agribusiness industry...
...what was happening to them?
People who were speaking out got killed.
And if you look at, you know,
Z Carlos, you look at Claudio...
People who were putting
themselves out there...
...and saying cattle ranching,
you know, is destroying the Amazon...
...a lot of those people who really
put themselves out there...
And look at Dorothy Stang,
you know, the nun who lived out in Para...
...who was killed.
A lot of people will speak up. A lot
of people just keep their mouths shut...
...because they don't wanna be
the next one with the bullet to their head.
Sister Dorothy Stang
was a U.S.-born nun...
...living in the heart
of the Brazilian rainforest.
Her life's work
was to protect the Amazon.
She spoke out openly against
the destruction of rain forest...
...from cattle ranching for years.
Walking home one night,
she was brutally gunned down...
...at point-blank range by a hired gun
from the cattle industry.
After Greenpeace's initial denial
for an interview...
...I wrote again,
begging they reconsider.
Greenpeace got back again,
and said again:
"I'm afraid we've explored the options
here in terms of helping you...
...and are not going to be able
to be involved this time.
You mentioned
you were also speaking to Oceana.
I'm sure they'll be able to give you
some great quotes...
...about ocean-related issues.
Thanks again for thinking of us."
Unbelievable.
With Greenpeace unwilling
to be interviewed...
...I had to find a different avenue
for answers.
There's something really fishy
going on over there.
Fortunately I found
a former Greenpeace board of director...
...who now speaks openly
about the industry.
Environmental organizations, like other
organizations, aren't telling you the truth...
...about what the world needs
from us as a species.
It's so frustrating when the information
is right before their eyes.
It's documented in peer-reviewed
papers and journals.
It's there for every body to see.
But the environmental organizations
are refusing to act.
Nowhere do you find in their policies...
...and nowhere do you find
in the Greenpeace mission...
...that diet is important...
...that animal agriculture is the problem.
They are refusing,
like other environmental organizations...
...to look at the issue.
The environmental community is failing us
and they're failing ecosystems.
And it's so frustrating
to see them do this.
"NRDC, the Earth's best defense."
All right, so here they actually
do have a few things...
...on animal agriculture.
The leading cause of environmental
degradation is too much pollution...
...and too many engines
churning too fast...
...in too many places around the globe.
Late in 2009, World watch reported...
...that livestock causes 51 percent
of green house gas emissions...
...and transportation's around 13.
And on the low end,
the U.N. was around 18 to 30...
...which is more than all transportation
all put together.
National-Internationally?
- Or nationally?
- The entire globe. Yeah.
I think energy production
and transportation...
...are still major sources, so I think...
I'm not gonna comment on that because
I'm not familiar with those numbers.
So it's...
Don't quote me on this,
but that's cow farts.
That's, I think, what that is.
It's...
I think that's cow farts.
Well, that's part of the story.
Methane production from cows
and livestock's flatulence...
...is a major contributor.
But mostly it is due to deforestation
and the waste they produce...
...which is 130times more waste
than the entire human population.
Virtually all without the benefit
of any waste treatment.
NRDC absolutely, as I said,
has a food program.
In fact, we just... Every year we do
the Growing Green Awards...
...and we recognize food innovators,
and this last year...
...one of the awardees was
a sustainable pork producer, actually...
...that doesn't use any antibiotics.
And also the antibiotic use
that industrial food production...
...in the United States uses
right now is...
We're giving... The majority
of antibiotics in the United States...
...are administered to healthy livestock.
I wanted to visit one
of these sustainable farms.
I found the Markegard Grass-Fed
beef farm...
...on the lush, misty California coast.
I met Erik and Doniga Markegard
and their four children.
Lea and Larry are usually up at 6
and out milking the cows...
...slopping the hogs.
All together, we graze about
4500 acres.
And this is our home ranch.
And this is 952 acres of that.
On average, it's about one cow,
or a cow and a calf, per every 10 acres.
We would produce annually
roughly 80,000 pounds...
...of finished, plate-ready meat.
We keep about 10 pigs
in roughly a50-acre area...
...and we move them around
in 10-acre pastures.
Some people think that pigs are dirty
and gross, but I really like them.
They have... They know people,
and they'll befriends and really nice.
And they could be like your best friend,
or could be like a sister.
See?
They know you
when you get to know them.
I mean, I shouldn't be bonding,
but we have to have nice pigs.
Why shouldn't you bond with them?
Well, because they're gonna
turn into bacon.
- These pigs are about 7 months old now.
- That's it?
So these bigger ones
are getting ready to be killed.
Those two smaller ones there, you know,
they could grow up a few more months.
I love animals.
That's why I'm in the meat business.
It's what more of society needs to see...
...is that that packaged piece of meat
is a living animal.
Living and breathing creature that...
Yeah, it's hard, it's hard,
but like what Doniga said earlier...
...we do it because we love them.
With the land use,
there's anywhere between...
With industrial, as low as
2to 2.5 acres per cow...
...all the way up to some, depending-
It's not as lush as this. Up to 35 acres.
Yeah, we have a ranch
in South Dakota that's 50 acres.
- Fifty acres per...?
- Yeah, it's about 50 acres. Yeah.
And why is that?
Same thing, it was just farmed
and robbed of all the nitrogen...
- The land was abused.
- It's also seasonal, right?
And it's also seasonal.
Ls it possible and is it practical
for the whole world to say:
"Have grass-fed cattle"?
I mean, like, say Brazil,
where, you know...
...supposedly 80 percent of the rainforest
was destroyed for cattle...
...what are your thoughts on that?
They shouldn't be eating beef.
If their environment wasn't
designed to raise beef...
- ...then they shouldn't be eating it.
- Yeah.
How do you offset
the carbon footprint of livestock?
We don't feel like livestock
have a carbon footprint.
I left there feeling confused.
As far as grass-fed beef
not having a carbon footprint...
...it sounded like it could make sense...
...until added up the numbers
on land use and population.
If we're to use the Markegard model
of raising animals...
...which requires 4500 acres
producing 80,000 pounds of meat...
...the average American eats
209 pounds of meat per year.
If that was all grass-fed beef,
only 382 people could be fed on their land.
That equates to 11.7 acres per person
times 314 million Americans...
...which equals 3.7 billion acres
of grazing land.
Unfortunately there are only I.9 billion
acres in the U.S.' lower48 states.
Currently nearly half of all U.S. land
is already dedicated to animal agriculture.
If we're to switch to grass-fed beef...
...it would require clearing
every square inch of the U.S...
...up into Canada, all of Central America,
and well into South America.
And this is just to feed
the United States' demand on meat.
But that figure doesn't even
take into consideration...
...that much of that land isn't suited
to graze livestock.
We would have to convert
all mountain ranges to grassland.
Clear ancient forests
and national parks to grazing.
And demolish every city
just to make room to graze cows.
Just like Brazil, the United States isn't
suited to meet the demands for meat.
It takes 23 months
fora grass-fed animal to grow...
...to the size and age that it's slaughtered,
whereas a grain-fed takes 15 months.
So that's an additional eight months
of water use, land use, feed, waste...
...and in terms of a carbon footprint,
that's a huge difference.
Turns out, due to land use...
...grass-fed beef is more unsustainable
than even factory farming.
I had to come to terms with the fact
there was no way to sustainably raise...
...enough animals to feed
the world's current demand on meat...
...and had my doubts on dairy as well.
But I did want to talk
with a premier organic dairy company...
...to see if they believed their product was
sustainable for the world's population.
It requires a lot of inputs
to produce milk.
The feed, the water, the land. It does.
And it may not be practical to expect that
there can be enough dairy production...
...produced in a sustainable way
to feed the entire world.
I just don't think that
that's necessarily a given.
I think it's maybe too much to expect...
...that the world can be fed with dairy
in a sustainable way.
I don't know the answer,
but common sense would say...
...that's along shot.
I was shocked
to hear such an honest answer.
If this is what the dairy CEO would say,
I wondered what the farmer would claim.
Based on their marketing it seemed
their farms were an oasis for cows.
It was not what I expected.
Typically a cow will eat
140to 150 pounds of feed a day.
- A hundred and forty...?
- Forty to 50 pounds of feed every day.
And then she's also gonna drink
between 30 and 40 gallons of water.
Oh, my Lord.
Probably go through
about 20 tons per week.
- Twenty tons of grain per week.
- Twenty tons of grain. For...?
Primarily for our milking cows,
so about 250 cows.
Yeah, so the biggest part
of sustainability to me...
...the number one thing on the list
should be profitability.
So how the process completely works,
from start to finish...
...is the cow needs to have a baby
in order to give milk.
And so she'll have her baby.
That baby's gonna stay...
...with the mother for at least two days.
The babies will go off
to our calf-raising facility...
...so they have an individual hutch
that they'll be raised in.
Since we're a dairy,
it's only the girl cows that give us milk.
So the boys, on typical dairies,
they're sold off to beef-raising facilities.
But we do keep approximately half
and we raise them for two years...
...and sell them as organic
grass-fed beef.
So all dairy cows eventually go
to the beef industry?
At some point she'll really drop off.
So you have to make a business decision
at that point:
Are you gonna keep investing in her
to give milk...
...or are you gonna sell her off again
to another dairy, or into the beef industry?
There's very few places on this planet
that have this type of environment.
But the demand on dairy-based protein
in the world is only gonna increase.
And there's not enough land
on the planet...
...to do this type of dairying
around the world.
It's just the environment is not
gonna be that way. The land's not there.
So I guess on a global scale...
...the conclusion would be
dairy's not sustainable.
Unless we start digging up houses
and putting pastures back.
And the only way to start digging up houses
and development is to have less people.
But we only know that the population
is gonna continue to grow.
So that means more
commercial dairying, I'm sure.
Either that or somehow
lower demand by the people?
Yeah, or some other product's
gonna take its place.
We see there are all sorts
of soy milks and almond milk...
...and a lot of other products
that are coming out.
And different blends, you know,
where you take juices and proteins.
I think you'll see a lot more of that.
He was right.
How could cows' milk be sustainable?
For one gallon of milk, it takes upwards
of 1000 gallons of water to produce.
Doing research
on grass-fed livestock...
...I kept coming across
the work of Allan Savory.
Almost a third of the planet's land
is becoming desert...
...with the vast majority
due to livestock grazing.
Savory claims that the best way
to reverse this desertification...
...is to actually graze more animals.
This reminded me of Oceana saying
the best way to help fish is to eat fish.
This is the same man...
...during the 1950s
working as a research officer...
...for the Game Department
of what is now Zimbabwe...
...came up with a theory,
in spite of scientific evidence...
...that actually elephants were
the cause of desertification there.
And his solution was convincing
the government to kill 40,000 elephants.
Yet after 14years of relentless slaughter,
the conditions only got worse.
His theory was wrong.
The culling finally ended...
...but not until tens of thousands
of elephants and their families were killed.
This is not someone I would ever
take ecological advice from.
It turns out the cattle industry
is having the same effect...
...on wildlife in the United States.
The government has been
rounding up horses en masse.
We now have more wild horses and
burros in government holding facilities...
Fifty-thousand wild horses and burros.
...Than we have free on the range.
Basically you have ranchers
who get to graze on our public lands...
...for a fraction of the going rate.
They're getting this huge tax subsidy.
It's about one-fifteenth of the going rate.
And the Bureau of Land Management
has to say:
"How much forage and water
is on the land?"
And then they divvy it up.
They give so much to the cows,
so much to, you know, "wildlife"...
...and so much to
the wild horses and burros.
And what we see is the lion's share
of the forage and water...
...is going to the livestock industry.
And then they scapegoat
the horses and burros and say:
"Oh, there are too many horses
and burros. Let's remove them."
I always tell people, wild horses
and burros are just one of the victims...
...of the management of our public lands
for livestock...
...because we also see
the predator-killing going on.
We know wolves are now being targeted
by ranchers, to get rid of wolves.
USDA has aircraft, and all they do
is aerial gunning of predators.
All a rancher does is call up
and say, "I've got coyote here."
They'll come over and shoot the coyote.
Or they'll shoot the mountain lion
or the bobcat.
And this is all for ranching.
In Washington State, after cattle
were found to be attacked...
...on public lands
where they were grazing under permit...
...Washington State decided to
kill the entire Wedge pack of wolves.
And those wolves were not introduced.
They had in-migrated from Canada.
But they're no longer there.
And it starts at the local level,
with the Bureau of Land Managements...
...but then it goes all the way
to Congress.
And we see Congress willing to allow...
...this type of mismanagement
of our public lands to continue.
It is the insistence of,
and the lobbying power of...
...the animal agriculture industry...
...that continues to see wolves killed...
...continues to see an insistence
that predators be maintained...
...at a low level
that does not benefit ecosystems.
I've seen so many pieces of land, looked
at so many environmental assessments...
...from the
Bureau of Land Management...
...where they say the range lands
are not meeting standards.
And they say, straight-up,
livestock grazing...
...is a cause for
not meeting range standards.
And yet they will continue
to allow livestock grazing.
They're at the very core
of making sure...
...that cougars are treed by hounds...
...and that wolf packs are run down...
...and that hunting seasons
are opened up year-round...
...and that traps are set
so that they can suffer.
If anyone cares about wild horses
and wildlife and public lands...
...and the environment,
you can't ignore the livestock...
The negative impact that livestock grazing
is having on our public lands in the West.
I've added up the costs
of animal food production...
...that the producers don't
actually bear themselves.
These are the hidden costs
or the externalized costs...
...that they impose on society.
And those are in categories like
health care, environmental damage...
...subsidies, damage to fisheries,
and even cruelty.
If you take those externalized costs,
which are about $414 billion...
...if the meat and dairy industries were
required to internalize those costs...
...if they had to bear
those costs themselves...
...the costs of the retail prices
of meat and dairy would sky rocket.
So a$5 carton of eggs would go to $13.
A $4 Big Mac would go to $11.
The problem with these externalized costs
being imposed on society...
...is that whether you eat meat or not...
...whether you're an omnivore
oran herbivore...
...you are paying part of the costs
of somebody else's consumption.
So when somebody goes
into a McDonald's...
...and buys a Big Macfor$4...
...there's another$7 of costs
that's imposed on society.
I'm paying that. You're paying that,
whether you eat meat or not.
When you look at who's benefiting, and
who lobbied for this system of agriculture...
...it's the largest food producers
in the country...
...and the largest meat producers.
And once they become so
large and wealthy...
...then they can dictate the federal policies
around producing food...
...because they have
so much political power.
Was this why Al Gore,
even during his vice presidency...
...never addressed the issue
of animal agriculture...
...and failed to talk about it
in An Inconvenient Truth...
...or his organization,
The Climate Reality Project?
Was this truth just too inconvenient
for even him?
I felt let down by the man
who inspired me on this entire path.
I knew I needed to talk
to an animal agriculture lobby group...
...to see what they had to say.
If they could silence the government,
are they influencing...
...and possibly have connections
to these environmental groups as well?
Animal Agriculture Alliance,
one of the biggest livestock lobby groups...
...has agreed to an interview.
Greenpeace won't give us an interview...
...but Animal Agriculture Alliance
has agreed to an interview.
Now, that...
Now, that is saying something.
People hear the word GMOs,
and that's a really scary term.
Agriculture's kind of struggled to explain
what that means, but in reality...
...what we've done is to use technology
to make advancements...
...in how we raise crops
and how we raise animals.
We're not gonna feed the world
going back to how it was 100 years ago...
...where all the animals were,
you know, pasture-fed.
We didn't just move animals inside
and just implement...
...these large vertically-integrated
systems because of sustainability.
It certainly reduces
the environmental impact...
...while improving animal well-being
and food safety.
So you're saying that animals like it
just as much being inside...
...say, the chickens and the cows
like being just as much inside...
...as pasture grass-fed?
In a lot of cases, it's been a significant
improvement in their well-being...
...just in terms of the amount of care
they can get, individualized care.
Does the meat and dairy industry
ever support...
...or donate
to environmental non-profits?
I don't know that I would want
to comment on that.
Yeah, I... I don't...
I don't know.
I don't know that we would know
what they donate to.
Does meat and dairy industry ever support
or donate to, say, Greenpeace?
Again, I don't know
that I would feel comfortable...
Hey, sorry we didn't
get back to you earlier.
I have some bad news.
We are no longer able
to fund your film project.
We had a meeting and due to the growing
controversial subject matter...
...we have some concerns
and have to pull out.
Why was this subject so controversial?
The first person I could think to speak with
was Howard Lyman...
...who had been sued by cattlemen
for simply speaking the truth...
...about animal agriculture
on The Oprah Winfrey Show.
I was born on the largest dairy farm
in the state of Montana in 1938.
Grew up my entire life
on a livestock farm.
Grew up my entire life
on a livestock farm.
Went to Montana State University,
got a degree in Agriculture.
Came back and started
a mega agriculture endeavor...
...where I had 10,000 acres of crop...
...7000 head of cattle...
...and about 30 employees.
Solspent45 years of my life
in animal agriculture.
And so I've been there, done that.
When I was on The Oprah Show,
we had the food disparagement law.
Now, the food disparagement law,
in my opinion, was unconstitutional...
...but what it basically said,
that it was against the law...
...to say something you knew to be false
about a perishable commodity.
I didn't say anything on The Oprah Show
I thought to be false.
I went there and told the truth.
Now, it took five years
and hundreds of thousands of dollars...
...to end up extricating myself...
...from the suits from the cattle industry.
But if I was to go
on The Oprah Show today...
...say exactly the same thing today
that I said back then...
...I would be guilty.
And for me, when they were talking
about the food disparagement law...
...it was the fact of whether
I told the truth or not.
You can go today and tell the truth...
...and you will be guilty...
...because if you cause a disruption...
...in the profits of the animal industry...
...you're guilty under the Patriot Act.
Do you think there should be any concern
of us making this documentary?
Of course.
If you don't realize right now...
...that you're putting your neck
on the chopping block...
...you know, you better take that camera
and throw it away.
Animal agriculture is one of
the most powerful industries on the planet.
I think most people in this country
are aware of the influence...
...of money and industry on politics,
and we really see that clearly on display...
...with this industry in particular.
Most would be shocked to learn that animal
rights and environmental activists...
...are the number one domestic terrorism
threat according to the FBl.
- And why is that?
- It's difficult to answer...
...why these groups are at the top
of the FBI's priorities.
I think a big part of it is that they...
...more than really
any other social movements today...
...are directly threatening
corporate profits.
You know, when we try to find out
how factory farms...
...and how animal agriculture
is polluting the environment...
...they try to claim exemptions
to that information...
...either under national security terms
or public safety.
Trademark issues.
It's a business secret.
All these attempts to keep people
in the dark...
...about what they're actually doing.
One of the largest industries on the planet
with the biggest environmental impact...
...keeping us in the dark
about how it's operating.
Through the Freedom of Information Act,
we obtained documents...
...from the counter-terrorism unit...
...that show they're
monitoring my lectures...
...media interviews, like this one,
my website, my book.
Are we at risk filming this
and showing it?
You're going up against people
that have massive legal resources.
I mean, it's just overwhelming,
the amount of money at their disposal.
And you have nothing.
And I think that fear is a big part
of the tactic as well.
Will was right.I was scared.
When I learned about activists
being killed in Brazil...
...I was disturbed, but I felt removed.
But to learn about American
activists and journalists...
...being targeted
by the industry and FBl?
My funding being dropped?
I was genuinely worried
and hit close to home.
Was this why no one was willing
to talk about the issue?
I decided to take precautionary measures
with all the footage I shot.
I was beyond frightened to imagine
what could possibly happen...
...if I pursued this subject any further.
It seemed the only decision to make was
to put down the cameras and walk away.
But then I realized
this issue was way bigger...
...than any personal concern
I could ever have for myself.
This was about all life on Earth
hanging in the balance of our actions.
Now you either live for something,
or die for nothing.
And I actually had no choice all along.
I decided to surrender
not to fear from the secret...
...but rather to a cause towards truth.
I couldn't be like these
environmental organizations...
...and sit silently while the planet
was eaten alive right in front of our eyes.
I had to stand up and continue on.
Some people would say the problem
isn't really animal agriculture...
...but actually human overpopulation.
In 1812, there were 1 billion
people on the planet.
In 1912, there were 1.5 billion.
Then just 100 years later, our population
exploded to 7 billion humans.
This number is rightly given
a great deal of attention...
...but an even more important figure
when determining world population...
...is the world's 70 billion
farm animals humans raise.
The human population drinks
5.2 billion gallons of water every day...
...and eats 21 billion pounds of food.
But just the world's
1.5 billion cows alone...
...drink 45 billion gallons
of water every day...
...and eat 135 billion pounds of food.
This isn't so much
a human population issue.
It's a human-eating-animals
population issue.
Environmental organizations
not addressing this...
...is like health organizations trying
to stop lung cancer...
...without addressing cigarette smoking.
But instead of secondhand smoking,
it's secondhand eating...
...which affects the entire planet.
We're growing enough food right now
to feed between 12 and 15 billion people.
We only have 7 billion people.
We have roughly a billion people
starving every single day.
Worldwide, 50 percent of the grain
and legumes that we're growing...
...we're feeding to animals.
So they're eating huge amounts
of grain and legumes.
In the United States, it's more like closer
to 70, 80, depending on which grain it is.
About 90 percent of the soybeans.
Eighty-two percent of starving children
live in countries...
...where food is fed to animals
in livestock systems...
...that are killed and eaten
by more well-off individuals...
...in developed countries
such as the U.S. and Europe.
The fact of it is that we could feed...
...every human being on the planet today
an adequate diet...
...if we did no more than take the feed
that we're feeding to animals...
...and actually turn it into
food for humans.
And so somebody trying
to justify GMOs...
...that's like trying to give
a drowning man a drink of water.
You can produce, on average,
15 times more protein...
...from plant-based sources than
from meat on any given area of land...
...whether it's...
Using the same type of land...
...whether it's a very fertile area
in one area of the world...
...or it's an area that's depleted.
If we would reduce the amount of meat
we're eating, and dairy and eggs...
...we could allow
all these mono-cropped fields...
...of genetically-engineered
corn and soybeans...
...to revert back to forest again,
to be habitat for animals.
You know, any time somebody tells you
that we can't grow food for humans...
...on the land that we're growing
feed for animals...
...this is somebody that-
Evoking the number one crop
out in California.
The fact of it is if you can grow corn
to stuff down the throat of an animal...
...you can actually grow corn
and feed it to a human.
You encourage people to eat less meat,
for the resources required...
...and the toll on the environment.
- And on the animal.
- And on the animals.
And the workers in the system.
It's a brutal system at every level.
As the world population continues to grow
to almost 9 billion people...
...do you foresee someday
that we might just completely...
...have to stop eating meat altogether?
I don't know that we'll completely stop.
I think that the amount
of meat-eating will decline.
There's no way to support
9 ounces per person per day...
...which is what Americans
are eating now.
If the Chinese alone decide
they wanna eat that much...
And they've decided
they wanna eat that much.
We just can't...
We don't have enough world...
...to produce the grain
to generate that much meat.
I think a plant-based diet
is the most sustainable.
What do you recommend to see
for9 billion people can eat...
...for the planet
to not only sustain, but to thrive?
Would you throw out a numb...?
Like an ounce, one ounce?
- Oh, per meat?
- And including dairy.
Yeah, I don't think I know enough.
But, yeah, it would be on the order
of a couple ounces a week.
You know, it's not gonna be
the way we're eating it now.
We're gorging on meat.
We're eating huge amounts.
- Does that include cheese too?
- Yeah, yeah.
- Like, two ounces total?
- Yeah, cheese and milk.
- Like, two ounces total?
- Yeah, cheese and milk.
Only2 ounces a week
seem like nothing.
People could probably raise that
in their own backyard.
Maybe backyard farming
was a sustainable solution.
I have 42 ducks.
I started off with three ducks
three years ago.
And then those burdened
into a population.
I buy a 75-pound bag of seed...
...and that seed bag will last me,
right now, about two weeks.
The ducks now that we're gonna be
culling are about 2 years old.
When you're living with them,
they get used to you.
You know, they're not intimidated
or whatever.
And so they make all their
vocal sounds, like natural.
Slow down.
Easy, easy, easy.
Okay.
No, we're gonna keep you.
Ron, these two go first.
Being smart-wise?
Compared to a chicken,
they're probably the same.
- That one's nice, see?
- Yeah, he is.
Alrighty.
Okay.
Right there.
That's gonna be a little gruesome.
How could that still be alive?
How could that still be alive?
They're not.
That's nerves.
A nerve reaction.
Five years old or something like that,
I think it was...
...the first time my dad came out
and made us watch...
...as we did rabbits.
And we'd raise probably
a couple dozen rabbits each year.
And then we would take those rabbits
and skin them...
...and clean them up
and keep them for food.
As a young kid, I was kind of...
I don't want to say it was hard,
but it was kind of, from my memory...
Because some of the rabbits
I had named.
So I was kind of like going...
But after doing it a couple times,
you kind of just learned...
...it's just something that
has to be done.
Not the fingers.
I just can't do it.
I don't think I could have someone else
do it for me, if I can't do it.
If I can't do it, I don't want
someone else doing it for me.
And then sustainability...
For sustainability,
75 pounds is 2 pounds per-
So it's a pound per week per duck.
Fifty-two weeks, 110...
So it's 110 pounds of food...
...for I to 1.5 pounds of meat.
So on a sustainability issue,
it's 100to 1.
And that grain gets... You know,
who knows where that grain comes from?
But, I mean, when it gets to this point,
it's not even about sustainability...
...it was just...
You know, I don't feel real good inside.
It was the first time I've ever seen that.
So kind of...
Yeah.
I'd been so caught up in the destruction
caused by animal agriculture...
...I realized I'd never truly dwelled
on the obvious reality...
...that every one of these animals
was killed.
It was always a disconnected,
abstract fact of eating meat.
But when it became personal,
face to face, the story changed.
I had scheduled weeks in advance
to film another backyard slaughter...
...of a chicken
that stopped producing eggs.
I didn't know how I was gonna possibly
go through another slaughter.
So I didn't.
Animal Place is a farm animal sanctuary
in Northern California that focuses...
...on rescuing animals
from the animal agriculture industry.
A lot of people don't realize, meat-breed
chickens like this guy behind us...
...they're generally slaughtered
at about42 days old.
Whereas chickens that are bred
for egg production are killed...
...when their productivity starts
to decrease...
...when they start laying less eggs.
And that generally happens
about 18 months to 20 months.
It doesn't matter if you buy caged eggs,
eggs from cage-free farms...
...or free-range or pasture-based farms.
Hi, Carol. It doesn't matter.
Turns out there's a successful movement
of sustainable animal-alternative...
...food producers
based right here in California...
...funded by big names
like Bill Gates and Biz Stone.
When egg-laying hens eat
all that soy and corn...
...you have an energy conversion ratio
at about 38 to 1...
...whereas alternatively
you can find plants...
...you can grow those plants
and convert those plants into food.
The energy conversion ratio
for the plants we're using...
...to replace the eggs is about 2to 1,
compared to 38to 1 for eggs.
So our explicit goal is to have
the maximum amount of impact...
...by creating this new model that makes
the global egg industry entirely obsolete.
We're making Omega products...
...proving we make better tasting food
that's great for you...
...and it takes one-twentieth of the land
and resources that dairy do.
If you could have the fiber structure,
satiating bite, protein...
...and all the nutritional benefits of meat
without having animal protein itself...
...and by doing that
you could address climate change...
...the human health epidemics
that we're seeing, animal welfare...
...and natural resource conservation,
would you make the change?
But what if people just ate
less animal products?
Like going meatless on Mondays.
When you go meatless on Monday,
you essentially contribute...
...to climate change, pollution...
...depletion of our planet's resources
and your own health...
...then on only six days of the week,
instead of seven.
You're creating a false justification,
clearly a false justification...
...for what you're doing
on those other six days.
So in other words, we really shouldn't
be resting on our laurels...
...of what you do right
only one-seventh of the time.
You can't be an environmentalist
and eat animal products, period.
Kid yourself if you want, if you want
to feed your addiction, so be it.
But don't call yourself
an environmentalist.
I knew I had to stop eating
all animal products.
I wanted to help the planet be sustainable,
but I needed to sustain myself.
I had doubts about being healthy
and not eating meat, dairy and eggs.
All I knew was the standard American diet
I grew up on.
Ls it even possible
to be a healthy vegetarian or vegan?
Ls it possible to be
a healthy vegetarian or vegan?
I became vegan for, let's see,
32 years ago now.
And I run several miles every day.
I go biking 40, 50 miles
through the countryside.
I work long hours.
I feel great. It's nice waking up
in alight, trim body everyday.
And so many of my vegan
friends and patients...
...are just thriving since
their transition to a vegan diet.
So, yes, and I've seen vegan moms
go through healthy vegan pregnancies...
...and deliver healthy vegan children...
...and raise them to tall, full-sized,
intelligent vegan adults.
And, yes, certainly all the nutrients are
there in the plant kingdom to do this...
...that is correct.
Think anyone should be
consuming dairy?
I really don't.
When you think about it,
the purpose of cows' milk...
I did most of my growing up
on a dairy farm in Wisconsin.
The purpose of cows' milk is
to turn a 65-pound calf...
...into a400-pound cow
as rapidly as possible.
Cows' milk is baby-calf growth fluid.
It's what the stuff is.
Everything in that white liquid,
the hormones, the lipids, the proteins...
...the sodium,
the growth factors, the IGF...
...every one of those is meant to blow
that calf up to a great big cow...
...or it wouldn't be there.
And whether you pour it
on your cereal as a liquid...
...whether you clot it into yogurt...
...whether you ferment it into cheese...
...whether you freeze it into ice cream...
...it's baby-calf growth fluid.
And women eat it
and it stimulates their tissues...
...and gives women breast lumps,
it makes the uterus get big...
...and they get fibroids and they bleed
and they get hysterectomies...
...and they need mammograms
and gives guys man boobs.
This is...
Cows' milk is the lactation secretions...
...of a large bovine mammal
who just had a baby.
It's for baby calves.
I tell my patients, "Go look in the mirror.
Do you have big ears, a tail,
are you a baby calf?
If you're not, don't be eating
baby-calf growth fluid."
In any level,
there's nothing in it people need.
In any level,
there's nothing in it people need.
It was a relief to hear I didn't have
to eat animal products...
...to be healthy and even thrive...
...but I still thought you needed animal
manure to grow organic agriculture.
Turns out there's an entire movement...
...with people growing food
without any animal inputs.
I visited Earthworks Urban Farm
in Detroit.
They work with and grow food
for the low-income community.
We tend to see ourselves
as individuals in a bubble...
...and forget that we in habit this land
and this earth with other creatures.
So we have to learn how
to share more, I guess.
Jah here is working on his garden.
You'd be surprised what you can do
with not a lot of space.
About a4-by-8, yeah.
What's your goal this year? How much
do you think you can maximize?
- I would push for 100 at least.At least.
- A hundred pounds.
That's amazing.
The one full year
after this was constructed...
...we doubled our yield
to over 14,000 pounds of food.
Fourteen-thousand pounds?
On about how many acres?
About two and a half.
So as much food as we produce
and we grow...
...or the earth helps us grow...
...we also have to return
those nutrients back to the soil.
We think of our work
as being regenerative.
That we're putting as much
life-giving substance in the ground...
...as we're taking out.
So is it just kind of healthier and safer
to use vegetarian...
- ...or vegetable composting stuff?
- Yeah, that's what we found.
But also because it takes less time
and it's a lot easier to manage.
- A lot easier, yeah.
- Yeah.
- And the soil is just as rich?
- Yeah, absolutely.
Not only is veganic more compassionate,
it's also more efficient.
And in a society with this many
billions of people...
...we need to be as efficient as possible.
Some people might go back and say
if we embraced this primitive approach...
...of only wild animals everywhere...
...and we go back
to, like, a hunter-gatherer system...
...that sounds great.
But that was 10 million people
on the entire continent.
Maybe a little bit more, a little bit less,
no one really knows.
Today, now we have what?
We have 320 million in the U.S.,
25 million in Canada...
...another 100 and so-many-million
in Mexico.
So, North America is up to almost,
you know, 450 million people.
Trying to figure out away
to bring animal agriculture...
...in balance with450 million
hungry people is impossible.
This is amazing, I didn't believe it
when I first learned it...
...but 216,000 more people are born
to the plant every day.
Everyday.
It's extraordinary.
But what's really extraordinary
is you need, per day...
...34,000 new acres of farmable land.
It's not happening.
To feed a person
on a vegan diet for a year...
...requires just one-sixth
of an acre of land.
To feed that same person
on a vegetarian diet...
...that includes eggs and dairy
requires three times as much land.
To feed an average U.S. citizen's
high-consumption diet...
...of meat, dairy and eggs
requires 18 times as much land.
This is because you can produce
37,000 pounds of vegetables...
...on 1.5 acres, but only 375 pounds
of meat on that same plot of land.
The comparison doesn't end
with land use.
A vegan diet produces half as much CO2
as an American omnivore...
...uses one-eleventh
the amount of fossil fuels...
...one-thirteenth the amount of water
and an eighteenth of the amount of land.
After adding this all up, I realized I had
the choice every single day...
...to save over 100 gallons of water,
45 pounds of grain...
...30 square feet of forested land,
the equivalent of20 pounds ofCO2...
...and one animal's life every single day.
If we all did go vegan
and moved away from animal foods...
...and toward a plant-based diet,
what would happen?
If we didn't kill all these cows
and eat them...
...then we wouldn't have
to breed all these cows...
...because we're breeding cows
and chickens and pigs and fish.
We're breeding them
over and over again, relentlessly.
So if we didn't breed them,
then we wouldn't have to feed them.
Then we wouldn't have to devote
all this land...
...to growing grains and legumes
and so forth to feed to them.
And so then the forest could come back.
Wildlife could come back.
The oceans would come back.
The rivers would run clean again.
The air would come back.
Our health would return.
Renewable energy infrastructure,
such as solar and wind generators...
...to reduce climate change,
that's a pretty good idea...
...but it's projected to take
at least 20 years...
...and at least, minimally,
$18 trillion to develop.
You know, it's important to realize that
we don't have that long of a time frame.
We just talked about how it might be
a four-year time frame...
...so we don't have 20 years and we don't
have $18 trillion to develop these...
...so another solution to climate change:
We could stop eating animals.
And it could be done today.
It doesn't have to take 20years...
...and it doesn't have to take $18
trillion, because it costs nothing.
Some say, "Fix CO2,
then worry about methane."
It's the other way. Do something about
methane, you'll get a response right away.
The most powerful thing that someone
can do for the environment...
...no other lifestyle choice has
a farther reaching...
...and more profoundly positive impact
on the planet and all life on Earth...
...than choosing to stop consuming
animals and live a vegan lifestyle.
Do you realize
75 percent of Americans...
...consider themselves
to be environmentalists?
You don't think we couldn't solve
this problem in a heartbeat?
I'll tell you what, all we would need...
...is for the environmentalists to live
what they profess...
...and we'd be on a new course
in the world.
We will not succeed
until we stop animal agriculture.
And by "succeed," I mean...
...we will not save ecosystems
to the extent necessary...
...we will not have enough food
for people around the planet...
...we will not stop global warming...
...we will not stop pollution
in the dead zones that run off...
...all the fields of corn and soy
that are grown to feed livestock...
...and we will not stop the hunting
of wolves and other predators.
Organic farming is one step in the right
direction, but we need to keep walking.
We need to get beyond organics.
We need to get to sustainability.
When you take the animal out,
you take the greenhouse gas issue out...
...you take the food safety
issues out...
...you take some other externalities
related to food scarcity out.
But one thing that's amazing is
I think you put our values back in.
You put values like compassion
and integrity and kindness...
...values that are natural
to human beings, you put that in...
...you build that back
into the story of our food.
And I think as this begins to progress,
I think it also helps people to pause...
...before they eat that egg,
before they eat that steak...
...before they eat that chicken nugget...
...and ask themselves,
is that really what they want?
Or do they actually want
something more?
I had to come to the full conclusion...
...the only way to sustainably
and ethically live on this planet...
...with 7 billion other people is to
live an entirely plant-based vegan diet.
I decided instead of eating others,
to eat for others.
At first, like these environmental groups,
I was afraid of what it'd mean to change.
But now I embrace it.
All this talk about sustainability sounded
like our planet was on life support.
And I don't want her to simply survive
or to sustain, but to thrive.
Life today is not about sustainability.
It's about "thrive-ability."
She's given so much to us for so long,
it was time to give back.
A hundred-and-eight percent
of everything we have.
It felt good. It was an alignment.
And we see this movement,
not just about providing cheaper...
...inexpensive food that everyone
can have, but also a spiritual move.
A move towards understanding
who we really are...
...and how we can connect
to each other.
Do what you can do
as well as you can do it...
We become part of a gathering
momentum of other people.
It's happening. This is really
what's happening. This is the new.
Selflessness is a nice way to be.
It has all these benefits for yourself,
as well as the planet and other people.
So it's a beautiful way to live.
Ecologically, it just feels better.
This is about massively transforming...
...how our society eats,
because it's a necessity.
It's acting on what we know.
And acting kindly and gently
on the whole planet...
...and with other people
to accomplish the goals of living better.
We can do it,
but we have to choose to do it.
You can change the world.