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Time To Choose (2015)
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We inherited an astonishingly beautiful home and with it, we've accomplished extraordinary things. But we are changing the Earth's climate by releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Over the last several decades, we have raised the Earth's average temperature by .7 degrees Celsius. This seemingly small change is already causing heat waves, droughts, wildfires, and storms that have killed tens of thousands of people and caused hundreds of billions of dollars in damage. - We see things that the climate scientists of 20 years ago were not predicting would occur so soon. We're not looking at one or two bad events or one or two bad years, we're now looking at three and four decades. Very small changes make huge differences in what it's like to live in places on the Earth. Over a billion people in China, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh depend on the Himalayan glaciers for water, but global warming is endangering them and all the Earth's freshwater supplies. Coral reefs support the richest concentration of life on Earth, but greenhouse gases make our oceans warmer and more acidic. If this continues, the coral and much of the ocean's life will vanish. We also face rising sea levels caused by the melting of Greenland's ice sheet. - If we look at the last period that was warmer than the present one, about 130,00 years ago, sea level then was at least six meters higher than it is now and that was only about one degree Celsius warmer than it is today. Global sea levels have already risen by eight inches and if Greenland's ice sheet melts completely, sea levels will rise 23 feet. - I don't think most citizen's in the world have really grasped what is happening and what these risks are. Many of our major cities will be submerged. - Over 600 million people's homes will be destroyed if the world's coastlines are flooded and if we continue with business as usual, warming the planet further, by the middle of this century, we could trigger runaway climate change, a process beyond human control. - What do you do if you have that information? What do you do? - Over the next six to ten years, we have an urgent responsibility to decide how this world is going to be in the future. But the climate crisis is also a huge opportunity. We already possess technologies that can stop climate change and adopting them will greatly improve our environment, our economies, our health, and our security. - The future has turned into the present. We can create a society that is powered by clean energy. The benefits will be enormous. Once we get off fossil fuels, we're not going back. But we are in a race against time, and some of the world's wealthiest and most powerful people are opposing the progress. - There are a lot of adversaries. There are people who say there's no such thing as climate change, there are producers of carbon who say this is where the world is. - The fear factor that people wanna throw out there and just say, "We just have to stop this," I do not accept. - If you fast-forward 50 years from now, our kids are looking at the problem that we leave them, they're gonna go, "Okay, so let me get this straight. "You had the technology to solve the problem "and you decided it's too big a task. "How dumb could you be?" - It's too late to be a pessimist, not as simple as that. This is a moment that we don't want to fail, we don't want to fail humanity. - It's the battle for defend nature, for defend the defenseless and the voiceless. It is a battle to prevent powerful people from despoiling the environment. - A old saying goes necessity is the mother of invention, we got the mother of all necessities before us. This is a gigantic, scientific, technological, and moral challenge. There's a great struggle for the future of the world. - Boone County, in its day and when I was younger, it was just breathtaking. As a kid growing up here, you roam these mountains, that's what you do. All my life it's been such a beautiful, wonderful, peaceful place. So, when the mountain started exploding, of course I was outraged. - I heard blasting and it was off in the distance. And I came upon it and I was stunned. I had heard of mountaintop removal, but had no clue what it was. I went up the mountain and saw what was happening above my home. And I took a flyover on a small plane and it changed my life. They take a mountaintop, deforest the top of the mountain, clearcut it. - They remove all of the vegetation, they bring in ammonium nitrate and diesel fuel and then they detonate that and boom, there goes the mountain. - Material that's being spewed into the air from blasting, it's rock not dirt, and so that's something that contains arsenic or other different metals and stuff that you don't want to breathe. And you also get coal that's pulverized in fine particulates, and that is raw coal which is containing arsenic and lead and mercury, and a whole variety of elements. - The dust is horrible. I had two children that had asthma and I started complaining because we needed to breathe. - When you compare before mountaintop removal mining to after mountaintop removal mining, there is a very substantial increase in lung and bronchus cancer. - They'll send in heavy machinery clear away that coal and then everything that's left, all the coal mining waste, gets swept off the top of the mountain into the neighboring valley, so where there was once a mountain and valley, you just have flat lunar landscape. In the state of West Virginia alone, there's nearly a million acres of mountaintop removal coal mining, more that five hundred mountains in Appalachia that's been leveled. They're taking rocks that should be inside a mountain with very heavy metals, things like arsenic, and putting that into the valley which is the source of the watershed. Communities that are living downstream have heavy toxins going into their water supplies. It has huge human health impacts and consequences. - The Clean Water Act, it previously said you can't dump waste in the waters of the United States of America. Department of Interior edited it, you can't dump waste, but you can dump fill material. And then they reclassified mountaintop removal waste as fill material. The coal is shot down a conveyor system and go to a processing plant, it gets crushed. And it goes through a diesel bath. It goes through a chemical cleaning process, removing arsenic, mercury, lead. - The cleaner the coal gets, the more of the really nasty stuff that gets left here. Everything gets pumped back up into coal slurry impoundments is what they call 'em, we call 'em sludge dams. It's real thick like mud. Every one of them leaks. - We would play in the stream as kids, we would gather water from the stream. This is now a pollution spillway. - Everyone thought the water was safe, you know, that's well water, it'll have a little color, a little odor, but you know, will not harm you. My brother, he was probably 28 years old at the time and he had noticed a knot starting to appear on his forehead, it was on this side. It was very aggressive in growth. October 6, 2006 was a Friday, he worked all week, the next day, mom woke up and the alarm was still going off, and he just never woke up. And we go to the church and we start talking, and at that moment in time, I realized there was actually six neighbors, who had brain tumors, that live in about a 10 house span. There was a little girl that was one of my brother's friend's daughters. She was a toddler when they had found her brain tumor. And she passed away. The same contaminants that were in the sludge ponds was what they found in our water. Barium, nickel, arsenic, lead. I apologize, I can't remember all the That's all right. - All of the chemicals. - This is the headwaters of the water throughout the eastern United States. This is everybody's drinking water, this isn't just my surface water and drinking water, this is everybody's. - They just really didn't like what was coming out of the work. So, they directed us to stop doing it. We were told, "Well, you can pick your battles "and this is not a battle you're gonna win." The destruction and pollution caused by coal guarantee that no other industry will locate in the region, making the people here a captive labor force. As a result, the coal mining counties of Appalachia are the poorest areas in the United States. - Our first instinct is, "We've gotta get the kids, "we gotta get them outta here," but who's gonna buy a house with contaminated water? - Coal contributes to four out of the five leading causes of death in the United States. Just the soot, that particulate matter coming from coal plants, kills more than 10,000 Americans every year. At night, modern Shanghai is spectacular, but every morning hundreds of barges sail past the skyscrapers carrying coal to power plants. Coal supplies most of China's energy and China burns as much of it as the rest of the world combined, making China the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases. All over the world, including in the United States, coal mining is an extremely hazardous job, but no place compares to China. Chinese coal mining employs three million people, it is politically powerful, corrupt, and horrifically dangerous. Over the last 30 years, at least 200,000 miners have been killed and hundreds of thousands more maimed and crippled in mining accidents. You are watching the end of this man's life. Minutes after this was filmed, the mine collapsed, killing him. Like most mining deaths, this one was never officially reported. Black lung is a disease caused by breathing coal dust. None of these workers have protective equipment and as a result, many will die from this disease. An estimated one million Chinese have already died of black lung and up to 10 million currently suffer from it. This is not a beach, it is an enormous coal ash field. Every year, Chinese coal plants produce 500 million tons of this hazardous waste. It contains mercury, arsenic, and over a dozen heavy metals. Because of its reliance on coal and heavy industry, over a third of China's lakes, half of its rivers, and 80% of its urban groundwater are now polluted. The smog from burning coal covers many Chinese cities and causes illnesses ranging from asthma to cancer. In northern China, just breathing the air reduces life expectancy by five years. India is now on the same path with air pollution even worse than China's. - I see coal India production doubling in the next five years. It makes about 500 million tons hopefully this year, we do a billion tons in 2019, as our effort, and we are working systematically to a plan. Our dependence on coal for electricity is destroying millions of lives and coal is the number one contributor to global climate change, but we don't need to follow this path any longer. How many people are killed every year in your company in the process of manufacturing your wind turbines? - Phenomenal things are happening. The cost of renewable energy is plummeting. Technology's developing much faster than I thought and price is coming down much faster than I thought, the price of solar, the price of batteries, smart technologies. Ultimately, it will be the low cost option and it feels free. - If you plot a graph of prices of different ways of making electricity non-renewably, there's this curve that comes down from heaven and climbs on your head and that's solar and wind power, those costs are dropping rapidly whereas the other costs are tending to go up. A new nuclear power plant can produce electricity for 10 to 20 cents a kilowatt hour, a new coal power plant is in the six, eight, possibly 10 cents a kilowatt hour range, depending on where you are, a combined-cycle gas plant is in the five, six, seven cent a kilowatt hour range, for a new solar power plant, the unsubsidized cost in the world are just over five cents a kilowatt hour, the average new wind power contract was four cents a kilowatt hour. Wind energy contracts are being signed in Oklahoma for less than three cents a kilowatt hour, you cannot build and generate electricity from any other source in this country cheaper than that, nothing else can touch that price. - By about 2017 in about 80% of the world, renewables will be competitive against grid power. Anybody who doesn't understand this is not paying attention to the data. - We've doubled every year for the last eight years. We investing into a massive scale grid integration where every home has a solar system. We deploying solar storage in California, piloting the testing on it to see how it goes, and then Tesla is investing into large scale storage to reduce the cost. At some point, solar storage will be combined with every single system we deploy. If you had the solution that I'm describing, you'll be able to produce energy for your home, store it in the battery in the day and consume it at night. The solar industry creates local jobs. You actually have to go to somebody's house and install the solar systems. We take away all the complexity, so the equipment's free, installation's free, we deal with the permits, what you pay for is essentially the electricity. Average home will probably save about, in California, 15 to 20 thousand dollars over the 20 year period. - Our company will be a multi-billion dollar business in just a few short years. We're talking about replacing or disrupting the electricity sector which is obviously a multi-trillion dollar sector. We've got a better machine, it does the trick, it produces electricity for less and without any of the social costs. Some of the world's largest and most profitable companies from Apple to Facebook to Google are converting their operations to renewable energy. - This is an enormous opportunity. By 2020, we would like to produce as much energy as the total group consumes from sustainable sources. It's in line with our vision and what the customer wants us to do, but it's also, at the end, a good investment. - You think you have a good handle on how fast something can be done and then you go to China, "What the hell did they do? "How did they do that?" In the last few years, China increased its electric generation more from renewables than from all fossil and nuclear plants put together. - The more you build renewables, the less they cost. The less they cost, the more you build, the more you build, the less they cost. This is a self-reinforcing process just like with microchips or consumer electronics. In the case of wind power, we've great improved the aerodynamics of the blades. We're using better-power electronics and we're designing new kinds of wind machines that work very well even in lower wind speeds. All these things work together, so wind machines become cheaper and they become more productive. You can start mass producing what used to be a handicraft. - The whole energy infrastructure is going to change over the next 50 years. Solar and wind, that's gonna be our primary source of energy. In western Europe, the transformation has already begun. - Spain was 45% renewable electricity in 2013, Scotland 46%, Portugal 58%, and these are all growing rapidly. Denmark is headed for 100% renewable energy of all forms and they have the most reliable electricity in Europe. But there are over a billion people in the world who have never had electricity at all. - Basic access to electricity is critical for children's education, it's critical for safe cooking of food. It's central for basic things in life. The struggle to end global poverty and the struggle to avoid catastrophic climate change must be seen as two sides of the same coin. If we don't do one, we won't address the other and vice versa. Most of Kenya's 40 million people don't have access to conventional electricity. For them, solar power is revolutionary. - People can jump over the old infrastructure. Power generation is going mobile. It's gonna be on every rooftop. It's gonna be with a solar home system. People don't have to buy upfront their own power generation, they can pay for it every single day in an affordable amount which is less than what they would spend for the alternative which is kerosene. At the end of one year that product becomes theirs and they're getting energy for free. When I sat down and start thinking of how much I using in a month for paraffin, it's much better to get this one, to get the solar, than to buy the paraffin. - We project over four years that these low-income customers will save over 750 US dollars per household and our ambition is to get to a million homes as fast as possible which we think we'll be doing by 2017. - 70% of the people in Bangladesh have no access to electricity. So, we thought, "Now, this is an opportunity, "starting with clean energy," so we created a company called Grameen Energy to bring solar energy in the villages. So, in 10 years later, we are the largest off grid solar system in the whole world. And we have reached already one and a half million households in Bangladesh. So, you've already reached 10% of the households in Bangladesh? - Almost, yeah, exactly. It took us 17 years to come to one and a half million, it will take less than three years to make the next one and a half million. Whether it's in India, whether it's in Africa, or whether it's in Latin America, this is available to anybody. - If renewables are cost-competitive already, they're growing very rapidly, then why do we have to worry about the climate problem? I don't think that Exxon or Chevron or Peabody Coal is going to say, "There's a better technology, "I guess we lost, you get 'em solar industry, "we had a good run." If we wanna prevent runaway climate change, we can only burn about a third out of the fossil fuel reserves that we already know exists. In 2013, the energy industry invested 650 billion, billion with a B, dollars in exploration to identify new reserves. - Now, I really believe that the climate is changing naturally and that the temperature for the last eight or nine years has been cooling, and that the Arctic ice has been increasing, and that there's a great deal of misunderstanding out there about climate change. - Most of the the coal industry has acted very analogous to the tobacco industry when scientific evidence was coming out that cigarette smoking is extremely hazardous to your health. - The assertion that global warming is occurring today and it's occurring because of the release of CO2 and anthropogenic gases, methane and such as that, it's really a hoax. I really believe it's the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people. We have to take on the richest companies, the richest industries, and the richest individuals, in the history of the world. - So, I'm not disputing that increase in CO2 emissions in the atmosphere is going to have an impact, it'll have a warming impact. Now, I think there are much more pressing priorities that we as a human being race and society need to deal with. - What makes this more criminal than anything else is that we have viable economic alternatives that are available today. - We are travelling in the right direction, the difficulty that we have is we do have a clock in front of us. And do you think that we'll do this fast enough to deal with the climate problem? - We have no choice, yes. Once we have clean electricity, we can begin to electrify many processes from steel-making to heating that now require fossil fuels. And by electrifying transportation, we can end our dependence on oil which will solve many problems in addition to climate change. This is the floating city of Makoko. Over 100,000 people live here without government, sanitation, or electricity. - You can look around the world at countries with a heavy reliance on natural resources and you can see lagging developing, high levels of inequality, authoritarian rule, massive corruption on a grand scale. Nigeria became a centralized petrol state, a country in which more than 85% of government revenues were dominated by crude oil. Texaco, Chevron, Royal Dutch Shell, British Petroleum, and other major companies, all went into one area, and that is known as the Niger Delta. What was the nature of the relationship between the oil companies and the Nigerian government? Nigeria's economy was marked by grand corruption. Huge sums of the oil revenues that should've been used for investment in Nigeria and its people have simply gone out the door to line the pockets of private individuals. Nigeria's now the largest economy in Africa and yet most Nigerians are living at or below a $1.25 a day. You have very low employment, no more than 30,000 Nigerians are employed in the oil and gas sector even today. So, it's a deeply unequal society. And consequently, very unstable in terms of social violence, insurgency, and the environmental devastation of the Niger Delta is massive. - Thousands of miles of pipeline and oil infrastructure, essentially the plumbing of the oil industry. Underwater, in the swamps, up the creeks, there are daily spills, leakages, which have fouled creeks, rivers, and soil, and Exxon Valdez, a year in terms of oil spills. For years and years, every day, 24 hours of the day, gas was being flagged in Nigeria. To this day, the sky is orange at midnight from gas flames. Around the world, in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Russia, and Africa, oil fosters corruption, dictatorship, and war. The world would be a much better place if we didn't need oil anymore. And soon, we won't. Hybrid vehicles, which have a rapidly growing market share, are the first step in a profound revolution. Electric vehicles don't pollute or emit greenhouse gases. They are silent, easier to maintain, and less expensive to drive. Gasoline costs five times more than the electricity required to drive an electric car the same distance. Electric cars get cheaper and better all the time, the motors, the power electronics, the computers that control the thing, and especially batteries which were the expensive part. The limiting factor in making electric cars as practical and affordable as conventional cars has been the batteries. - The price of batters over the last five years, they drop in half. They're expected to drop in half again in the same period of time without any radical breakthrough just a slow steady increment. Now, if you drop to one-third, one-quarter of what it is today, you can get a 300-250 mile range car for $25,000, competitive at the get-go, much cheaper to operate, fundamentally a much better vehicle. Between 2009 and 2015, sales of electric cars around the world rose tenfold. Electric cars will be broadly competitive with conventional cars by 2025 and they have another advantage. - Should I put it in Sport Insane Mode? They're really cool. But we have a long way to go. Without stronger government support, it will take decades to phase out gasoline-powered vehicles. In the meantime, there's another way to reduce oil consumption. Urban design can make a huge difference in how much driving we do and how much energy we use. - Right now, everybody's thinking about climate change, it's the big problem that we have to solve and we do, absolutely, and it needs more attention than it's getting, but we also have to see it in concert with all the other benefits that you get when you address it. The energy the planet needs is defined by how we live. It's not just about getting a more energy-efficient car, it's about using cars less. We're gonna be building cities for about two to three billion people between now and 2050, we better get it right. Many of those cities will be in China whose urban design has followed a pattern of freeways and sprawl. - In China, they're building what I call high-density sprawl, it's the same as our American suburb, but instead of two stories, it's 10 stories. A tower isolated from street and street has been completely given over to cars. Way across town are jobs in a factory or in an office building, and they have built a physical environment that needs the car. Take Beijing, today. You have a city with only 30% of the population owning cars in complete gridlock, they can't move. China is building cities for 350 million people over the next 20 years, that's the same as building the United States all over again. If they get that wrong, we're all kind of doomed to tell you the truth because if those urban forms cause pollution and demand more and more energy, I don't think that we're gonna be able to solve the carbon problem. The good news is they see the hole that they're digging themselves into and if they get it right, then they can become a role model for the rest of the developing world and it's fairly easy to get it right. Jaime Lerner was one of the greatest revolutionaries in urban design 'cause he was the first one to begin to shape a city around transit, dedicating streets to city life as oppose to cars. Jaime Lerner's policies controlled urban sprawl, expanded parks, and provided affordable and convenient public transit. - He invented the idea of bus rapid transit, treating a bus like it was a train. In central Amsterdam, most trips are made on bicycles. There are 18 million bicycles in the Netherlands. More bikes than people. - I define a good urban form very simply. Number one, it's human scale. The streets are narrow, intersections are easy to cross, cars are going slower, so there's better space for bikes and pedestrians, and along the way, you have all the social gathering places that make a city neighborhood exciting and interesting to live in. The best neighborhoods mix age groups and income groups and activities. The best neighborhoods have shops and jobs and park and school and libraries and has this all mixed together. When you start talking about the life that used to be part of a healthy city, everybody gets it and they want it back. Every crisis is an opportunity not to be lost. This is a crisis, but it's a huge opportunity 'cause we can shift the way we build cities and we can shift the way we live into a much more positive outcome not just for climate, but for the planet, the economy, our social well-belng, and our health, everything. These are northern muriqui monkeys. They are unique among primates because they live as equals without dominance or competition. - The muriquis are a completely different kind of primate from any others that we know anything about. They're peaceful, they associate with each other, there's no aggression the way you see or pecking order the way you see in most other animals. They provide this model of behavior that we sort of aspire toward. But these animals now face extinction. 95% of their forest has been cut down and there are only a thousand of them left in the entire world. These animals could disappear in our lifetimes. I just find that really alarming. The muriquis are just one casualty of a vast process that is destroying whole ecosystems and is a major contributor to climate change. - It's the destruction of the forests particularly the rainforests and the boreal forests around the world that is responsible for such huge emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere particularly when the forest are clearcut and burned. Most of these emissions are caused by the global industrial food system which originated in the United States after World War II. - Before World War II, most farms were diversified. On the same farm where you were growing grain or vegetables, you were also growing animals. The animals provided fertility in the form of their waste to the plants and the plants provided food for the animals. After World War II, there was an effort to convert some of the powerful technologies that had been developed as part of the war effort to peacetime uses. Ammonium nitrate is the main ingredient of munition bombs and it also is the same ingredient as fertilizer. In 1947, the big munitions plant at Muscle Shoals, Alabama converted from making bombs to making fertilizer. Once you've got that seemingly inexhaustible source of nitrogen fertilizer, you don't need animals on your farm and you can move toward monoculture production that is to say all corn or all soybeans. This kind of agriculture is actively promoted and it becomes more profitable to feed animals on feed lots rather than on farms. The other important technology that came out of the war effort was pesticides. Many of our pesticides began their life as nerve gas that would kill people at a high dose and at a lower dose, you could kill insects with which was a convenient thing because monocultures have lots of pest problems, so you need a lot of chemicals. The secret ingredient of this whole system I've been describing is fossil fuel. Fossil fuel is what allows you to make pesticides, most of them are petrochemical pesticides. Fossil fuel is what allows you to make fertilizer which turns into nitrous oxide when it's exposed to oxygen which is a greenhouse gas 300 times more potent than carbon. In the short term, industrial food is less expensive because it's mass produced and automated. As a result, consumption of meat and processed food has increased dramatically. - Since the government encourages the growing of things like corn and soy, they are, in effect, subsidizing the building blocks of fast food. The corn becomes the cattle feed and the high fructose corn syrup and the sodas, and the soy becomes the oil in which most of the fast food gets fried. We are not supporting people trying to grow what are called specialty crops i.e real food. - In the United States, less than 4% total of farm acres are dedicated to either fruits or vegetables or tree nuts, it's a tiny proportion. This system has become unsustainable. It takes up to 10 times more land to feed ourselves with meat as it does to feed ourselves with plants. As a result, 30% of the Earth's land is now being used for the production of livestock, the giant lagoons that store their waste, and the vast areas needed to grow their food. - There are literally billions of animals being raised for food and huge areas of forest and woodland are cut down to grow the grain to feed the livestock. In the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, over 20,000 square miles have been deforested to grow soybeans for animal feed. - The most profitable driver of deforestation in Latin America is soybeans. If I'm a farmer in Mato Grosso, I can down forest and make five to seven hundred dollars every hectare every year of profit. Blairo Maggi and his brother became billionaires this way. They are now the two largest soy producers in the world. Most of their production is exported to China to feed pigs. - The Maggi family faced little resistance while destroying forests because between 2003 and 2010, the governor of Mato Grosso was Blairo Maggi. - He was the leader of the governors and he was kind of the spokesperson for the group, making the pressure on the present, very strong pressure on the present. While Maggi was governor, Mato Grosso accounted for half of all deforestation in Brazil. Now, deforestation has moved north into the Amazon which is endangering the water supply for tens of millions of people. - A forest generates its own rainfall. You can cut down a forest and what happens to the rainfall in that particular region? You cut down a vast area of forest and you're going to have global impact. Much of the water supply in southern Brazil depends on the forest to the north. As those forest disappear, so does the water. Since 2014, Brazil has experienced severe water shortages for the first time in its history. For Sao Paulo, a city of 20 million, this has become a crisis. - I would say that for the last two months, almost every day after 10pm and before 6am, there's no water, it's not raining on the top, there are place that they don't have water half of the week. We're seeing tensions between Sao Paulo and Rio De Janeiro because Rio needs the water to produce the energy, but Sao Paulo needs the water for the people, and they're fighting where to put the water like how to use the water, something that we couldn't imagine 10 years ago. In 2013, deforestation came up 28% above the previous year. How come? - Soy is starting to run out of space. - Not only are these carbon dioxide emissions increasing as we destroy and burn the forest, but there's less forest left to absorb the CO2 that we've put into the atmosphere from burning our fossil fuels and so forth. It's pretty shocking when you think of the vast destruction of the forest around the world. Nowhere in the world are the forest more valuable to the Earth's climate than in Indonesia. These peatlands store as much carbon as all the world's other forests combined. The Indonesian government owns these forest and has promised to protect them. Which is exactly the problem. - These deep peat layers, 10 meters deep or more, they sequester 10 times more carbon than Amazon forests and yet these have been drained and dried out and burned at a frightening pace. - Everything you are seeing was filmed covertly and illegally in 2014. In Indonesia, filming without a journalist visa is punishable by five years in prison. During Indonesia's annual burning season, thousands of illegal fires destroy vast areas of forest causing air pollution so severe that airports close for hundreds of miles. This deforestation makes Indonesia one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases along with China and the United States. Most of these forests are destroyed to plant oil palms, trees which make a great deal of money for a very small number of people because palm oil is used in everything from girl scout cookies to cleaning products. As a result, no other commodity has such a massive impact on our climate. When they clear these lands, they go down to bare soll, so everything that walked, grew, slid, or flew is dead, is annihilated. The island of Sumatra once contained 100,000 orangutans, less than 7,000 remain. When land is deforested for palm oil plantation, orangutans lose their habitat. When they attempt to return, the adults are shot and killed. But the babies clinging to them are sometimes rescued. The battle to save the orangutans is not just the battle to save the orangutans, it's a battle for climate change, it's a battle for everything, and all the other species that are in these forests, it's a battle for the long time economic development of the indigenous community versus the benefit for the bank accounts of the super rich. Local farmers are often evicted from their traditional lands. The river levels go down, the fishery which is the main protein supply for local communities is destroyed. Palm oil production has boomed over the last decade making these men billionaires. It is highly profitable because illegal deforestation is cheap. And so is labor. - So, this is the irony, you cannot possibly argue that that kind of behavior is in the interest of any kind of economic development. It's purely in the interest of some guy whose already got a billion dollars in a Swiss bank account, everybody else loses. With regard to deforestation, has corruption been a major problem? - When it comes to corruption, it's something that we are not proud at all. Bribery, extortion money, it's something that can be easily observed happening. In 2002, public outrage lead to the creation of the Corruption Eradication Commission or KPK which rapidly became the most trusted institution in Indonesia and one of the only hopes for protecting the forests that remain. We're having this interview in October of 2014 and just a few days ago, your investigators arrested the governor of Riau. - Yeah. For taking bribes from a very important palm oil industrialist. - Yeah. I see. I have been told the Indonesian parliament is also quite corrupt. - Yeah. Do you think that it will be necessary to prosecute extremely politically powerful people? - Yes. From very powerful families? - Yes. Shortly after this interview, the president of Indonesia nominated a corrupt general to head the already highly corrupt national police. The KPK prostested, forcing President Joko to withdraw the nomination, but the national police retaliated by arresting Bambang Widjojanto and KPK chairman Abraham Samad on fabricated charges. As we finish this film, their futures and that of Indonesia's forests remain in jeopardy. How can the global community rule out corruption, arrest this deforestation? It's proving enormously difficult to do. - We do what is called a brand attack. We go off to the consumers of the products of the company, "Do you know that when you buy "this chocolate or this soap or whatever, "you are contributing to the destruction "of the Sumatran rainforest "and are contributing to climate change?" - Companies realize that their customers care about forests. In addition to the products we buy, we can have an enormous impact on deforestation by changing our diet which would also benefit our health. - When we talk about feeding the world, we have to ask, "Feeding the world what?" If the world wants to eat meat the way we're eating meat now, nine ounces per person per day, we need 2.3 more worlds just to grow all that grain. China's undergoing a dietary transition right now as they move onto the western diet and start eating much more meat. Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult onset diabetes and we had to change that name when it started showing up in children, but in 1980, you could not find a case of this disease in children. People who eat heavily plant-based diets have lower rates of obesity, lower rates of type 2 diabetes, lower rates of cancer. In a five year study of diet and health, scientist found that a mediterranean diet that reduces consumption of red meat and processed foods reduced strokes, heart attacks, and deaths from heart disease by 30%. How much longer does someone live if they had a plant - They might get as much as a decade of life. However, it's not just how many years you'll live, it's the fact that you're gonna live in a more healthful way. Industrial crops and industrial meat also use vast amounts of hormones, pesticides, and antibiotics. These chemicals cause disease and antibiotic resistance in humans. - 80% of the antibiotics that are produced in America go not to human beings, they're going to farms, and it's destroying a critical medical tool. Reducing meat consumption would also allow us to reforest millions of acres around the world that are now being used to raise and feed animals. The good news is that there's a way out of this. We start sucking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere as degraded lands return forest, it's hard to hold these forest back, it's huge. - Food in our culture are big part of the problem, but have the potential to be a big part of the solution. Farmers all over the world are developing healthier ways of growing crops that store carbon in the soil and help reverse climate change. - We try to design the farm where instead of making one large field of one thing, we've tried to make it kind of an interesting ecology, something that has smaller fields, flowers. We have a succession of crops that are coming in. They're picking squash out here and cucumbers and there's gonna be pumpkins in the back there. For our crew, about 50 of them have full-time employment here. We have to make a place where they can have secure lives, so the kids can go to school, and they can think about college, they don't have to think about moving some place to get to the next job. And they're growing old with us. Crops will have insects that can become a problem, but there's a whole army of beneficial insects, natural enemies to those, and suddenly you have insect control right in your field. They're doing work that might otherwise be something you pay attention to with a pesticide. In the end, we have plants that are really vibrant, healthy, and they resist diseases, and the resist insect attacks when they're healthy. - We used to think it took eons to build an inch or two inches of topsoil, but in fact, we have, I mean, I can point you to farmers who in their lifetime have built several inches of topsoil where it didn't exist before, and that soil is, of course, carbon, carbon taken out of the air. - So, we're building carbon, we're building organic matter in our ground, and still we're growing beautiful, economic crops. This is really basic stuff, but it is the piece that will unlock the ideas of how agriculture does better in terms of climate change and soil life and healthier plants and healthier production. It's time to celebrate innovation that is big scale and could bubble up into a global solution. California is right at the helm. - There's a sensitivity to the natural environment. It's in the air I breathe, the people I meet. In 2006, California enacted comprehensive legislation to address climate change. - There was a political coalition between environmentalist who cared about climate change, people who were concerned with health, and fiscal conservatives who were just looking for a way to save money for the cities. California requires that electrical generation be derived from renewable sources for one-third of the supply and that's gonna be achieved by 2020. In 2014, California is already better than 22%. - 33% is already looking like a floor not a ceiling. We have not had any power plants burning coal for years. Carbon has a price. Those who pollute have to buy credits and those credits then generate funds to invest in sustainable practices. By 2020, we need to have a million solar rooftops and we need to have a million electric vehicles on the road. We have the most intelligent building standards that make our buildings, residential and commercial, more efficient. - The cleanest and cheapest of all energy is the energy that you don't have to use. Every office building had low ceilings and a lot of fluorescent lights and black glass, majority of the energy being used in these buildings was artificial light, but it was daytime, and all it took was to make tall ceilings, natural glass windows, and you don't have to use artificial light. When we saw things that way, we also made better human environments. - California had a requirement that the auto companies begin producing cars that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions and after litigating with the auto companies and taking our case all the way to the supreme court, we won. As a result of this legislation, there's a whole series of changes in the way cars are being built. - What is required is an integrated effort in electricity generation, transportation of people and goods, land use, the way food is grown, the way forest are managed, the whole way of life has to be sensitive to the requirements of nature. - First, people deny that they're part of the problem, then they deny that there's a solution, then they tell you that if there is a solution, it's too expensive, the growth in our economy, we believe, is tied to our ability to innovate, to use energy more efficiently, to create products that other people around the world are gonna want to use. - There's a lot California can do and is doing, but it has no impact unless others join with us, sooner rather than later. This is a unique human challenge. It cannot be solved by one country or one state. Every day we are making the world more dangerous than it was yesterday. We have to reverse that system to come to a place where every day can be safer planet than it was yesterday. Life is about creativity. What kind of planet you want to create? In the end, I go back to this story where there's an older person who owns an estate. And he says, "I want to plant a tree." And the gardener says, "Well. "You don't understand it's gonna take a generation "for this tree to mature, "you won't be here." And he said, "In that case, there's no time to lose, is there?" We can stop climate change. |
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